THE QUANTUM ENIGMA
The quantum mechanics can be very easy.
NEW KEY OF QUANTUM NUMBERS.
(Please forgive my faulty English)
The most difficult thing we
have sometimes put it.
Often it is presented as quantum mechanics to their more complex,
confused or
seemingly irrational part.
But have we represented all the rational possibilities of the quantum
content?
The road toward the evolution origin is a road toward the simplicity,
to the
view.
The quantum mechanics, showed among the difficult physics, these are
however,
sustained by numbers and the most elementary geometric symmetries.
The space, the time, the speed, etc. Each fundamental component in the
quantum
world constituted by the first elementary wholes numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7,
etcetera and this symmetry.
We want to show them something new.
A long time ago (1811),
Amadeo Avogadro discovered that in equal conditions, the same number of
molecules or isolated atoms of any gas occupy the same volume.
This way, dividing the occupied volume by the number of molecules a
quantum
spaces is obtained.
But, this behavior is not strange when each particle is subjected to an
infinity of addresses and speeds, due to its continuous ones them do
collide to
each other?
Seemingly no isolated tree would allow knowing the law that governs in
that
forest. In this case, the quantization between number and space is a
uniformity
law of average masked.
It is the called trajectory free stocking. Where the observation of a
particle
in a shorter instant doesn't find a sense that indicates a law. This
fundamental law has gotten complicated.
The quantization, not
always appear sow confused, for luck. In the world of the waves, the
boxes of
resonance, the antennas radio stations or in most of the musical
instruments
their space is distributed in form of whole wave longitudes. Also, in
any
opportunity they form geometric structures of perfect symmetry.
The symmetrical
distributions are most in the nature. These are forming the minerals,
the
plants, the animals, etc. Also, the symmetry sense is in the base that
informs
our balance senses, equality or justice. But especially it is present
in the
quantum-electromagnetic world.
We will see it.
At one time of the past, it
was believed that the atoms of the Periodic System had structure in
octaves and
these behaved as musical instruments. The Periodic System is an example
of
quantum and symmetrical distribution formed by elementary
numbers.
A demonstration allows to connect its structure with the most
interesting sense
of the quantum mechanics. Without equations, only helped by their
rules
of the construction and of transition. The quantum state can settle
down as an
analogy of a position on a structure.
Johann J. Balmer, professor
in 1884 from Basle and mathematical expert wanted to find how the
nature
decomposes the light.
Nobody could foresee that he would find important difference among
first whole
numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, etc. Something in the origin of the light
should
begin from zero.
Years later (1900), Max
Planck would even simplify more the question when discovering that all
expressión of electromagnetic energy was built with units of
uniform quantity.
Later (1924), Wolfgang
Pauli demonstrated that each electron that is part of the atoms could
be
identified with four numbers. Then certain movements of electrons emit
light in
whole numbers, this is related with the quantification of the energy
and those
electrons can be identified.
From then on we know that
the geometric symmetries appear in the structure of the Periodic System
and
that the quantum numbers govern the structure of the atoms.
For the structure of the
fundamental quantum mechanics there are not independent trees. The
group of the
forest assigns the presence of each tree. Many phenomena can even be
explained,
alone, if these happen at the same time. The particle of Avogadro flew
until it
tripped with another particle and exchanges direction and speed. In our
game
nobody will move without having where to go. Neither dead or alive cat.
An electron is similar to
another and there is not way to distinguish it. But have half position
it
should correspond for numbers that identify it, although it can move to
other numbers without previous warning.
This regularity allows to
give numbers to the places and the electrons that occupy them. But
also, we
have appearance of luck. We may to give, simple geometric attributions,
to the
four own quantum numbers, in a two-dimensional outline. The most
important
thing is to know where these are, to know how to identify them and to
know
which their paper is with relationship to the other numbers. It is what
facilitates being able to them to prepare on a geometric outline.
Nevertheless
in this alone outline the relationship of the structure of the four
numbers
adapt and not its physics. The important thing, is the verifiable
thing.
It is to know the behavior
of an automobile without having to know the countless formulas, designs
and
procedures that constitute their production. Its equations are only
important
complex parts of a reality-still unknown in our case. However, the
readers will
understand it better when they know the purpose that is pursued.
That is also equally important.
In the Periodic System and the atomic theory, the fundamental thing
begins with
something as simple as this figure.
(o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o)
(o) (o) (o)
(o) (o) (o) (o)
(o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o)
(o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o)
(o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o)
(o) (o) (o) (o) (o)
(o) (o) (o)
(o)
(o)
(o) (o) (o)
(o) (o) (o) (o) (o)
(o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o)
(o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o)
(o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o)
(o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o) (o)
Figura 1.
It seems the board of a
game. This figure is adopted to obtain a jump toward a simplification
and to
stand out other invaluable relationships.
The interesting thing begins if we adapt it to the keys of the atomic
structure.
This structure of the
quantum numbers, it must assume the qualification of the configuration
states;
the states of uniform energy in the levels of the Hydrogen; the states
of
distribution of successive energy associated to the construction of the
Periodic System; the states of absence or of presence of magnetic or
electric
fields; the excitement states; the transition states; the numbers of
wave
functions; etc.
However, it would be impossible
to make this qualification without a correspondence with the origin of
these
possibilities.
An elementary conception of
the arithmetic and symmetrical order has to be in the fundamental
condition of
the quantum physics.
It is in the shapes of the energy or the structure of elementary
energy.
Without forcing the limits of each number, neither infinite fraction
neither to
only have to admit numbers that behaves well.
Because, it comes from the origin of the mathematics. To try to measure
this with
their developed complexity, simply, it is outside of place.
Figure 2. The key of the quantum numbers.
The key of
the quantum numbers.
The key of the quantum
numbers is a distribution, of the atomic possible levels, in
fundamental state.
It is determined by the 4 quantum numbers coordinated on small circles
like a
grid in a map. Designated with the letters n, l, m, and s.
These indicate the state of an electron in order in energy ways.
It shows incorporated the
concept of antagonism, repulsión among even, equivalences and
symmetry.
We substitute the classic description with their biggest extension,
complexity
and history with this new outline.
At the moment, we have
enough with knowing about these numbers the following thing:
The columns n and l these
can also be designated as letters or as numbers. The letters have
historical
origin. The column n is without letters. These usually indicate in
capital. Its
numeric order 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, it is equal to K, L, M, N, OR, P, Q.
Where
n Column that designates at a level, to the order that occupies,
margins
that it embraces and distribution.
The level order n corresponds with the quantity of sublevels l. The sublevels is divided in 2
symmetrical parts, located in s = -1/2 and +1/2.
Each new level adds 4 extreme symmetrical positions to a new sublevel.
l Column that designates the
sublevel, the order that occupies, its lines and distribution.
(Be careful in not confusing the typography of the letter l with the number 1) The sublevels
correspond to the different steps that have intervened in the
construction of
the level.
m It designates the
order-of internal configuration or the same order of the magnetic
separation of
its components.
s It designates
polarities or opposed spins between two, in this case, located in
different
hemispheres.
When a magnetic action
intervenes, those four numbers showed structure staggered by the
unfolding of
its energy. Many authors use the four numbers directly with
intervention of
the magnetic field " n, l, ml y ms ".
Why is it expressed in two
symmetrical parts?
To represent the distribution of 2n2, the distribution 2l and the
distribution 2s, in symmetry. The symmetry is necessary to the
stability, also
in the quantum world. And as an electron here is part of a symmetry, it
won't
admit an odd number of electrons like a stable state. This sustains
some logic:
the excitements or electronic transitions are displacements that are
evaluated
as asymmetries (without symmetrical displacements) from their centre.
In the equations the
levels, sublevels or spins don't separate is this way. But
it is
known that physically the electrons are repelled among them and their
couples
are locate in opposed places. It would be enough with depending on
different
hemispheres, subjected as in Coriolis effect to inverse rotations
or with
lightly separate orbits.
Figure 3.
As in the
case of Avogadro we substitute the supposed physics, by the
physics
structure.
Consequently, it is
necessary to designate the level, sublevel, the position m and the
spin, for
a place name. For example
The level one is composed by two symmetrical parts between sign and
letter - n
and +n.
Understands an immediate sublevel to the center designated with sign
and letter
-s and +s.
The level two is composed by two symmetrical parts of n until -2 and
+2.
Understands two immediate sublevels to the center, designated with sign
and
letters -+s and -+p.
The level three is composed by two symmetrical parts of n until -+3.
Understands three immediate sublevels to the center, designated with
sign and
letters -+s, -+p and -+d. Etc.
(a) Electronic capacity,
predisposed for each level n = 2n2.
The electronic order of configuration in the fundamental state is an
order of
linear structural establishment.
It substitutes the separation order, m and s, for the successión
of elementary
numbers from the left to the right (adopted sense) and of the inferior
sub-level to the superior. The order sublevels configuration is in the
table:
( 14 ) (15) (16) (17) (18)
(19) (20) (21) (22) (24) (24) (25) (26)
(12)
(13) (14) (15 ) (16 ) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22 )
(10
) ( 11 ) (12 ) (13) (14) (15 ) (16 ) (17) (18 )
(
8 ) ( 9 ) (10 ) ( 11 ) (12 ) (13) (14)
(
6 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) (10 )
( 4 )
( 5 ) ( 6 )
( 2 )
( 1 )
( 1 )
( 2 ) ( 3 )
( 1 )
( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 )
( 1 )
( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 )
( 1 )
( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 )
( 1 )
( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) (10) (11)
( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) (10) (11) (12 )
(13)
Figura
4.
To identify the position of
an electron in their fundamental state it is indicated their
configuration place, with a level a, a sublevel land a superscript m
that
includes the position of s. Thus
n l m
In the appointment 4f11 for
an electron, 4 are the level, f it is the sublevel and m the
superscript it is
the configuration order with the position of the number s. It is a
characteristic electron of the atom 67, Holmium.
If a place was assigned
about a level, the inferior levels are understood full with electrons,
if the
contained asymmetries are not indicated. (The asymmetries contain the
differences that characterize each atom and generally the only ones
that are
indicated to define this state).
Before entering in
considerations about as in the Periodic System the atoms are built it
will be
convenient-a very simple exercise. Next there is a table of numbers.
Make a
copy. Mark with a black points the order of numbers.
Keep in mind that it is placing the electrons, in the configuration
order that
builds the atoms. It is convenient to remind the simple order of the
column l and of
the configuration m, for applied on the levels.
-------------------
( 0 ) (
0 ) ( 0 )
( 88 )
( 87 )
( 0 ) (
0 ) ( 0 )
----------------------
7
----------------------
( 0 ) (
0 ) ( 0 ) ( 0 ) ( 0 )
( 84 )
( 85 ) ( 86 )
( 56 )
( 55 )
( 81 )
( 82 ) ( 83 )
( 0 ) (
0 ) ( 0 ) ( 0 ) ( 0 )
----------------------
6
----------------------
(
96 ) ( 97 ) ( 98 ) ( 99 ) (100) (101) (102)
( 76 )
( 77 ) ( 78 ) ( 79 ) ( 80 )
( 52 )
( 53 ) ( 54 )
( 38 )
( 37 )
( 49 )
( 50 ) ( 51 )
( 71 )
( 72 ) ( 73 ) ( 74 ) ( 75 )
( 89 )
( 90 ) ( 91 ) ( 92 ) ( 93 ) ( 94 ) ( 95 )
----------------------
5
----------------------
( 64 )
( 65 ) ( 66 ) ( 67 ) ( 68 ) ( 69 ) ( 70 )
( 44 )
( 45 ) ( 46 ) ( 47 ) ( 48 )
( 34 )
( 35 ) ( 36 )
( 20 )
( 19 )
( 31 )
( 32 ) ( 33 )
( 39 )
( 40 ) ( 41 ) ( 42 ) ( 43 )
( 57 )
( 58 ) ( 59 ) ( 60 ) ( 61 ) ( 62 ) ( 63 )
----------------------
4
----------------------
( 26 )
( 27 ) ( 28 ) ( 29 ) ( 30 )
( 16 )
( 17 ) ( 18 )
( 12 )
(11)
( 13 )
( 14 ) ( 15 )
( 21 )
( 22 ) ( 23 ) ( 24 ) ( 25 )
----------------------
3
----------------------
( 8 ) (
9 ) ( 10 )
( 4 )
( 3 )
( 5 ) (
6 ) ( 7 )
----------------------
2
----------------------
( 2 )
( 1 )
----------------------
1
----------------------
Figure 5
If it has put a black point
successively, when completing the numbers 2, 4, 12, 20, 38,
56 and
88 find the following figures.
Figure 6
These
correspond to the construction of the atoms: He, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba
and
Ra. The levels or sublevels without occupying are not present in the
real
physics. Nevertheless, these will be necessary to use the transition
rules.
We are in the base of the
process of the quantum mechanics. This distribution coincides with an
establishment order for the forms of quantum energy, but also with an
order for
the number z or numbers protons in the atomic nucleus. Without seeking,
it has
built a repercussión on a double structure, the electronics and
the nuclear. Try
to understand how it has happened.
The rule building atoms n+l, with a lot of interest would be
discovered. Level
value n + sub level values l.
Let see like it works:
The rule of fundamental construction is a rule that grants
extraordinary
abilities to the value of the sum of two variable terms.
It imposes an order to their equivalence.
That is to say 7 = 7+0; =6+1; =5+2; =4+3. These would be
the
variables of the sum of 7.
When this variation implies to impose its orders, it establishes a
rule.
It is the distribution of
an equality in whose terms are incompatible the repetition of a level
or a sub
levels. Applied to the successive construction of atomic structure it
imposes
to their figures a jump toward different level and sub levels.
The rule n+l is also
a rule of symmetrical and perpendicular construction of the
levels. We
have seen it in the successive construction of 2, 4, 12, 20, 38, 56 and
88
electrons. The same mathematical demands of 2n impose the square
structure.
This way, n can assume a successive order similar to 1, 2 ,3, 4, 5, 6,
7, and 7l = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 without
losing its symmetrical and perpendicular virtues. The successive order
would
prepare the route of the following table.
|
|
||||||
|
ORDER OF APPLICATION l=0,1, 2, 3. |
l = 0 |
l = 1 |
l = 2 |
l = 3 |
2n2 |
SYMMETRIES |
|
n+l=1+0 |
2 |
|
|
|
=2 |
Adds = He . Z2 |
|
n+l=2+0 |
2 |
|
|
|
=2 |
+ previous = Be . Z4 |
|
n+l=3+0 = 2+1 |
2 |
6 |
|
|
=8 |
+ previous = Mg . Z12 |
|
n+l=4+0 = 3+1 |
2 |
6 |
|
|
=8 |
+ previous = Ca . Z20 |
|
n+l=5+0 = 4+1 = 3+2 |
2 |
6 |
10 |
|
=18 |
+ previous r= Sr . Z38 |
|
n+l=6+0 = 5+1 = 4+2 |
2 |
6 |
10 |
|
=18 |
+ previous = Ba . Z56 |
|
n+l=7+0 = 6+1 = 5+2 = 4+3 |
2 |
6 |
10 |
14 |
=32 |
+ previous = Ra . Z88 |
|
n+l =8+0 =7+1 = 6+2 = 5+3 |
2 |
6 |
10 |
14 |
=32 |
+ previous = x . Z120 |
Figure 7
This figure shows a successive order of having filled for n =
1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 8.
The series have a capacity of 2n2 units distributed in successive
levels.
While a level n is occupied by 2n2 units,
number l is busy with 2(l
+1).
This way, these are the product of bending the sum of a succession-odd
number.
That is to say, 2(1+3+5+6+7+9) it is similar to 2, 6, 10,14,18 whose
successive
sum forms 2, 8, 18, 32 = 2n2.
The most important condition in the rule, incompatible makes
the
repetition of levels or sublevels in the same series.
Then the order of filling cannot coincide with the order of levels.
These
cross.
Look for the components which fill the level
Previously we have done the first half of the order of levels with a
successión of 2n2. The rest
invests the
order of the previous symmetry. We should conclude that 2n
correspond to
an order from opposed ends to the centre, where the symmetry
contributes an
equivalence sense. This equivalence sense is a pending subject for the
physics.
THE N+L RULE ANOMALIES.
However, a conflict is generated between symmetries.
The n+l rule according to us has exposed, it seems to correspond to a
distribution of pure geometry.
It are structural rules that seemed not to be affected by the physics.
The
principle of exclusión of Pauli is also a purely structural
concept.
However, a conflict generated among symmetries arises. The value of the
biggest
symmetries becomes more active
When surpassing half of occupation, the biggest symmetries are
completed,
with captured electrons of other smaller and more external symmetries.
These
are returned with the following electrons. These are returned
with the
following electrons.
Figure 8
This way, to the position of the 23(3d3), fig. 8, he lack three electrons to complete the sublevel 3d-1/2. When incorporating 24(3d4) electron, this sublevel subtracts a remote electron of 4s(4s2) to complete the symmetry of its sublevel. 25(3d5) electron arrival, this returned to the 4s their electron extracted.
To the position of the 28(3d8) he lack two electrons to
complete
the sublevel 3d +1/2.
When incorporating 29(3d9) electron, this sublevel subtracts
a
remote electron of 4s(4s2) to complete the symmetry of its
configuration. In 30 (3d10) electron arrival, this returned
to the
4s their electron extracted.
Figure 9.
To the position of the 40(4d2), fig. 9, he lack three electrons to complete the sublevel 4d -1/2. When incorporating 41(4d3) electron, this sublevel subtracts a remote electron of 5s(5s2) again to complete the symmetry of its configuration. Electron 38 have passed to occupy the 4d4 to approach to symmetry of that configuration. For the 42(5d5) complete symmetry.
It will conserve the subtracted electron by the 43(4d6) surpassed half of the sublevel.
When the 46(4d8) electron incorporating, this lacks
2
electrons for the symmetry of 4d+1/2. It is completed,
subtracting to
sublevel 5s the two electrons.
With of the 48(4d10) electron arrival, the extracted
electrons
returned are to the sublevel 5s.
The order will continue filling to 5p and to 6s until the 56 that it completes a total symmetry.
With 57(4f1) the electron should begun in
The 64(4f8) should begin 4f8, although in the
shortest
symmetry 71(5d1) displaced it is.
With 65(4f9) immediately it is returned and restored
Sublevel 5d begins the one filled with an electron with 71(5d1) and continues until the 77(5d7). The configuration symmetry again approaching in 5d the total, to the incorporating 78(5d8) electron, this sublevel subtracts a remote electron of 6s for the 5d9 that it will return after complete, in the 80(5d10).
The n+l order in 5p and 6s continue filling until 88(7s2) when it completes total symmetry.
The 89(5f1) and 90(5f2) should begin
The 96(5f8) should begin 5f+1/2 although to the
shortest
symmetry 6d1 displaced it is.
With 97(5f9) immediately it is returned and restored
It is remarkable the paper exercised by the half in the distribution of the Periodic System. We know that the interior levels of the atoms of the system are complete and these build its stability with symmetrical and closed contents, known as armours. The levels that compose the outlying layers, however, without having filled, these contain an order of holes before reaching their symmetries.
The atoms in cases coincide with classification of diverse attitudes according to number and disposition of their electrons.
These atoms adopt an attitude before and another after half of the
one
filled of their sublevels. We already notice something of this in the
construction order. The step of that half seems to exercise
as a
limit-among offer and it demands. Facilities or difficulties observed
in the
chemical combinations. If the electrons are less than the half, these
act as
surpluses. If these are more than the half, its atoms capture
electrons. Even,
these adopt the investment of its spin to separate the hypothetical
half with a
halfway quantity of energy +-1/2 s.
However, these also have something of perfect marriage because these
are looked
for, these usually remain couple and these are complement forming a
stable
group.
We have said:
"The asymmetries contain the differences that characterize each atom
and
generally the only ones that are indicated to define this state."
(Minus
total symmetries)
"If a place was assigned about a level, the inferior levels are
understood
full with electrons..."
"The excitements or electronic transitions are displacements that are
evaluated as asymmetries from group."
Thus, a great quantity of atomic demonstrations can be represented
as
asymmetries. With regard to what references, these are shown as
asymmetries?
Although surprising, can make it from perpendicular axes of a
symmetrical
structure. Once again, doesn't matter to be a simple qualitative
appreciation.
We know that the stability of the symmetries doesn't count when justifying most of the detected activity. Why are the electrons only in imbalance shown more active, from different sign, on generally outlying layers? These are the main cause of the atomic activity.
Somehow we should substitute the study symmetry classes for classes of asymmetries. We abandon the inoperative symmetries to highlight the causes and forms of interaction of the most representative phenomena. Their actions go to the obtaining a symmetry or final stability.
For our object, we will keep in mind the different asymmetries, that
come
from n, l and s, whose valuations make an appointment with the capital
letters
N, L o S.
Depend these of
a) the distribution of N,
b) the measure-angular L away from balance distribution and
c) the difference among spins' S of different polarity.
To measure the order of symmetries we have two perpendicular axes that produce antagonistic matings in four semi-fields. In the horizontal sense we can measure the asymmetry for estrangements of the vertical axis. In vertical sense we can measure the asymmetry spins for the difference of quantity, between both semifields.
The configuration order of electrons begins with an end and it follows the linear order toward the other end. The first electron in the end of a sublevel is in the place that possesses the most asymmetric value. It is noticed with this, the coexistence of two different physical references, one is of lineal order and the other one is symmetrical. (We will extend on this)
Other cases to remember:
A planet in stable orbital speed must exist in balance between
centrifugal
force and centripetal force. This makes that the half speed, half
distance area of the orbit and period of time are related through
of
Kepler laws or gravity law. This way, one has access to the other data
with one
alone, because these are diverse single expressions of the same
phenomenon.
Equivalences should be considered.
This supposition equally attributable to the electrons, by likeness between Law of Coulomb and Gravity Law. Being this way, the angular speed of an electron will be in correspondence with the level distances. Other interpretations should not be admitted without suspecting existence of some contradiction or error.
A strange contribution of n+l rule is not to recognize the different distances, speeds, times, etc. Its symmetry conditions, without a doubt, obey other references. The two-dimensional order and the successive whole number disposition seem to decide as only constituents of the order and the symmetry. If the load or the spin have the same value with different speed or it distances on their levels, it indicates indifference for the speed or the distance. This is confirmed for the electron distribution among different distance levels.
The references adopted by the quantum mechanics, have not assumed this equivalence among levels. It lacks an interpretation for which becomes symmetrical, levels, distance, speed and mass.
Importance of the symmetry by time.
We have described some symmetries. We trust in that the reader has
assumed his
decisive importance. We have, maybe, not still mentioned the most
developed
symmetry: the force that avoids that everything disappears under our
feet in
almost infinitely small blacks hole.
The pendulum would be an example where an asymmetric successive route generates a small symmetry for time. In the State University of Pennsylvania, the oscillation of a chain has been used to cause chaotic movements the study of calculation of probabilities. Also in this intent, the overlapping of images, leads to symmetries. The televisión and the cinema also use this to deceive to our senses. They get elements that superimpose-in continuity.
Our senses are in syntony with spaces of more time that the recurrent time required for symmetry routes. Then, a different physical limitation can exist for each space or time. These are loans that a successive cycle requests at the time to exercise its symmetry.
Practically, much more than being made of mass we are energy. Thus the point create an orbit. The orbit creates a sphere. We know that the atoms that sustain us on the floor also sustain the mountains and the gravity of all the planets. Them are the simile of points or clouds in orbit able to maintain a symmetry for time to fantastic speeds to convert able the almost empty one absolute in true armors of enormous force. We sustain ourselves on energy. But, if the energy decreased to its mass, everything it would disappear under our feet, every time more concentrated by its own gravity. But to explain the symmetry for time, a gravitational system is necessary, doesn't unite quantum mechanics.
However, another decisive paper corresponds to the symmetry for time that we will expose later.
A pending conflict.
a. For our case, the decisive physics is composed by three classes of
systems,
seemingly different:
a. Electromagnetic systems of box of resonances, with symmetrical
distributions of particles and distances.
b. Systems of electromagnetic projection, with particles in asymmetric
distances. (As spectral analysis shows, etc.)
c. Systems of gravitational laws, with particles that don't obey
electromagnetic symmetries neither distances uniforms. (Experiments
with the
laws of Coulomb and the laws of gravity)
The atom that doesn't emit, it is supposed that it should distribute
its
energy in a closed box. Its stability demands to conserve an
electromagnetic
symmetry, like in all the closed boxes
An atom that emits acts as an open box. It changes the symmetry for a
scale in
projection.
As we imagine some magic photographic eyeglasses quantized. The measure
of more
energy is the next one, diminishing in steps until the minimum size, in
the
horizon. However, it is far-away maxim measure distances,
diminishing in
steps until the next minimum one size.
Their component masses obey laws of gravitational equivalence. But
neither
Coulomb nor Newton represent laws that obey electromagnetic symmetries,
neither
these impose fixed distances.
The frequency is the most evident information that arrives of the
atomic
world. The quantum mechanics has been built from this. The
electromagnetic frequency always united with h, it should be considered
the
true energy unit.
Frequency x h = Energy (h = Planck constant = 6,625.10—27
erg/sec).
Frequency can also be a period unit, or a cycle unit, a symmetry unit,
a unit
of time and unit h energy.
Frequency of the electromagnetic radiation is not affected by the means
of
diffusion.
A wave is a cycle that walks while it is completed. An extended
energy.
Frequency always comes referred from a contour. We can find it in a
musical
instrument, an atom or a distance of
The most known natural frequencies in the atomic physics are the
series
developed 1/n2.
A table shows versions of an atomic space contour in the first column,
developed in its line according to n2.
Figure 10
|
|
|||||||
|
(1)R=109.677 |
27.419 |
12.186 |
6.854 |
4,387 |
3,046 |
2,238 |
R/n2 =atom H |
|
(2) 1/12 |
1/22 |
1/32 |
1/42 |
1/52 |
1/62 |
1/72 |
Energy 1/n2 |
|
(3) 1 |
1/ 4 |
1/9 |
1/16 |
1/25 |
1/36 |
1/49 |
=1/Couples of electrons |
|
(4) 1/2 |
1/ 8 |
1/18 |
1/32 |
1/50 |
1/72 |
1/98 |
=1/Electrons= 1/2n2 |
(1) R = Rydberg Constant = 109
677,6 cm-1
. It is a measure of frequency, for a cm for an atom (hydrogen).
To the atoms a proportion of 1/n2
successive frequency corresponds. Making equivalent R to the 1 obtains
R/n2.
(2) Frequencies' characteristic of a
contour
according to 1/n2, where n is a succession of whole numbers.
(3)The division in units coincides with
the
distribution of pairs, foreseen for the "n" structures, without
the separation for “s”.
(4) The division for 1/2n2
coincides
with the electrons distribution in the same structure.
If we check these data, its mathematical demonstration should
correspond to
physical causes.
Its distribution of frequencies can serve applied
a. to a symmetrical distribution of waves in any box of resonance,
b. at distances projected with levels or
c. to electron distribution.
The decisive aspect consists on discovering its relationship with each
one of
these concepts.
Why the academic physics, only the sample associated to the
projection of
distances?
The reader has the enigma that will have to judge, after checking the
data that
we contribute and other sources can accumulate. The academic
interpretation
presents a numberless data and evidences, taken from diverse
experimental
positions. Everything is measured with great accuracy. Not discuss the
results.
What happens is that alone projection systems are measured. That has a
serious
inconvenience to know as it happens.
It is necessary to enter inside the atom in the origin of the data without altering them. Atom is grain of minimum matter. The apparatus cannot be material. All intent of seeing it through external means consists in a bombing and to break it. It determines an enormous alteration with unpredictable data.
According to the principle of uncertainty of Heisenberg, it is physical and theoretically unpredictable the position of an electron, in a certain instant. It is only obtained the square of a wave function of Schrödinger as mark of localization probability. Perhaps be one of the more criticized concepts. The same Einstein invested years trying to demonstrate its absurdity. It has been shown as an unshakable concept. In the face of the physical and mathematical inability of obtaining unquestionable demonstrations have been given up to find some determinism cause.
The union of different interpretations incurs contradiction by the loss of the knowledge cause effect. From this interpretation is not a direct explanation key for the simple symmetries, the box resonances, or the order of Periodic System. The symmetry from the holes of Young doesn't have explanation. On the other hand it produces the concept of the existence of alive cats and died at the same time. The chaos and the uncertainty are present as base constituent of the physics.
What would it happen if the frequency originates from a symmetrical
distribution?
This requires a new association of ideas.
With a symmetrical system we would have a system with determinism for
structure
and it stops particles.
With a gravitational system we would have a system with determinism for
each
particle.
Let us enlarge the same concepts.
If we divide a contour among a series of 1/2, 1/8, 1/18, 1/32... 1/50,
1/72,
1/98, etc., you cannot seek them to be more or less close among
these.
These are in superimposed own distributions. Each one of the
different
level energy occupies the same space in a different way. Then the
frequencies
and their wave longitudes don't need to refer at a distance among
levels. These
identify the number and measure that corresponds alone to the
energy of
each level, inside the total. What we have to change, like part of the
structure,
is separate and symmetrical packages of certain energy frequency.
If we observe the table, we will see that the number of
fragmentation give
the electronic capacity. For all the levels, we are dividing the same
contour.
We can imagine a tart of energy 109.677 units. Each level
fragments the
energy of the tart in a way: 1/2, 1/8, 1/18.1/32... 1/50, 1/72, 1/98...
Where little quantity of fractions, a lot of quantity of
energy. A lot of quantity of fractions, little quantity of
energy.
But it is not an arbitrary division, the tart imposes also the possible
partitions and force a structure of possible division, where energy for
the
division number is a constant figure.
It doesn't seem that the equivalence is fair in the practice.
The 1/4
and 1/98 tart energy becomes equivalent. We can think that
high
fractions, next value energy to zero, same demand to the present
allotment.
Where are the necessary limits to the symmetries of the closed
box? Here
limits decide them the physical content of the rule n, and
others.
Let us use the inverse reasoning.
Now the frequency won't be an energy unit. It will be a unit of time.
If energy is equivalent to frequency the biggest quantity in energy is
the
bigger number of frequencies second. One self contour it passes
to be
divided by this number. Let us check: the biggest energy has become
periods of
the shortest spaces and its smaller waves become particles. Then
we
obtain its equivalence with a number, where the maximum energy occupies
the
tiniest spaces. There is practically also a limit.
With them we have the opportunity to transform the frequencies into
orbits,
periods, etc. These should also become speed and equivalent areas,
maintaining
different symmetries by time. Physicist can frequency materializes and
includes
Coulomb. Coulomb represents a gravitational system.
Why that gravity doesn't need to recognize electromagnetic
symmetries
neither to be linked to fixed distances?
Also, it should correspond to the distribution of their mass in the
symmetrical
systems.
But, we can only imagine the hypothesis. The frequencies
foreseen
are only recognized if they are emitted. That is to say, we need to
open the
atoms, with what we break the foreseen interior symmetries. And we have
access
alone to the projected frequencies.
On one hand the graveness and the electromagnetic symmetry are independently two proven systems that they have demonstrated its existence with determinism. It is even a system of simple symmetries the one that gives sense to the periodic system. And it is the ideal structure to all the atoms to be recognized, to combine and to form molecules composing symmetries.
The quantum physicists and
the astrophysicists insist relating, lately, the electromagnetic
equivalences
with the gravitational equivalences.It doesn't seem possible to
associate a
field of gravitational equivalences free of distances directly, to a
field of
electromagnetic equivalences. It would be only possible if their mass
has the
electromagnetic frequencies, associated to the place of its distance.
In fact three systems that
seem independent and irreconcilable exist.
The solution of the conflict consists finding the relationship that
allows the
existence of the three systems.
The Solar System is a gravitational system and deterministic. If
demonstrates you that it is also an electromagnetic system with
structure for
2n2 symmetrical and in projection, a decisive test would be?
This test can be in ...
Starting from this,
new considerations for the same.
Inside the open boxes' become lost a frontier of levels, with
asymmetric
distributions, the excitements, the transitions, the emissions, etc.
Inside the closed boxes, the symmetries by time are cycles about itself
and
their force multiplies. In this case, the solidity of the matter, we
owe it to
closed boxes. The internal levels of the atoms are complete and closed
symmetries that don't emit. These are called "armour" by their
difficulty to break.
However not accepting
symmetry for time is between absurdities of principle of uncertainty or
projection system.
It would be possible to demonstrate that the succession of projected
asymmetries is symmetries for time, carrying out. With this, the
concept of the
probability must substitute for a new interpretation that would lead
her to the
determinism. The wave function becomes a symmetry by time
representation , as
frame-of probability that appears for a multitude of simultaneous
electrons. In
our case it is not already without cause the probability. The
particle
will never be able to be simultaneously at the same time in several
places. Alone in a part of their cycle. The alive or dead cat
disappears.
And this interpretation is the one that proven an electron after
electron, so
simply, in the holes of Young. We will extend on this.
This way, asymmetries
usually emit for differences between fundamental levels and excited
levels. An
asymmetry never travels alone, it always contains the symmetry lack.
This way,
the electron or the photon emitted never travel alone. Its were never
complete
neither independent and these should be projected as parts of a
symmetry. These
alone need the opportunity to demonstrate it and that is what we see in
the
holes of Young. These interfere with their own symmetry.
In this case, we would return to casuistry in the physics.
...... in construction
It would be very convenient to discover objections.
